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Marketing Theory : Evolution and Evaluation
Presents a comprehensive and up-to-date account of the evolution and underlying rationale of marketing theories Marketing is a dynamic discipline, subject to evolutionary changes over time.Over the years, many schools of marketing thought have enriched the discipline.Today, some of the schools are only found in history books, while others have transformed into new, modern schools of thought shaped by changing marketing contexts and the emergence of digital technology.Marketing Theory examines 16 schools of marketing thought that emerged, evolved, and dominated the marketing discipline over the course of a century.Written by a team of noted experts, this acclaimed book provides in-depth evaluations of each school—utilizing a rigorous metatheoretical framework based on scientific criteria such as syntax, semantics, and pragmatics.In this new global expanded edition, Marketing Theory identifies four new schools of marketing thought that have emerged in the past 30 years, each with separate chapters devoted to their assessment.It remains a must-read book for doctoral students in marketing, as well as young scholars and practitioners who want to understand the rationale and theoretical tenets of the various schools and contextualize their role in developing contemporary marketing theory.New to this Edition: New chapters on four new schools of marketing thoughtNew content on contenders for a general theory of marketing: Market Orientation, Service-Dominant Logic, Rule of Three Theory, and Resource Advantage (R-A) Theory of CompetitionNew and expanded coverage of Relationship Marketing, with greater emphasis on R-A TheoryNow includes insightful questions for analysis and advanced-level discussions for every chapter Wiley Advantage: Covers the main concepts and principles underlying marketing theory and practiceProvides a comprehensive typology for the 16 major schools of marketing thoughtDescribes concepts and axioms useful in generating a practical theory of marketing. Offers a practical approach to marketing theory that generates a more realistic view of marketing issuesIllustrates how marketing problems have been solved in the real world of business by connecting theory to practiceIncludes extensive references throughout, including many pioneering yet lesser-known works
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Evolution and Development : Conceptual Issues
The intersection of development and evolution has always harbored conceptual issues, but many of these are on display in contemporary evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo).These issues include: (1) the precise constitution of evo-devo, with its focus on both the evolution of development and the developmental basis of evolution, and how it fits within evolutionary theory; (2) the nature of evo-devo model systems that comprise the material of comparative and experimental research; (3) the puzzle of how to understand the widely used notion of 'conserved mechanisms'; (4) the definition of evolutionary novelties and expectations for how to explain them; and (5) the demand of interdisciplinary collaboration that derives from investigating complex phenomena at key moments in the history of life, such as the fin-limb transition.This Element treats these conceptual issues with close attention to both empirical detail and scientific practice to offer new perspectives on evolution and development.This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
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Hox Modules in Evolution and Development
Few, if any, genes have had the same level of impact on the field of evolutionary-developmental biology (evo-devo) as the Hox genes.These genes are renowned for their roles in patterning the body plans and development of the animal kingdom.This is complemented by the distinctive organisation of these genes in the genome, with them frequently being found as clusters in which gene position is linked to when and where the individual genes are expressed, particularly during embryogenesis.This book provides the latest overviews of Hox gene organisation and function for major clades of animals from across the animal kingdom.With the rapidly increasing availability of high-quality whole genome sequences from an ever-expanding range of species, it is becoming increasingly evident that there is great diversity in the organisation of Hox genes.These great strides in genome sequencing are wedded to important developments in our ability to detect expression and disrupt gene function in species that are not traditionally genetically-amenable animals.These technical developments are integrated with wide taxon-sampling in this volume to provide new perspectives on the roles of Hox genes in understanding fundamental issues such as embryo patterning, mechanisms of gene regulation, homology, evolvability, evolutionary novelties, phylogeny, the role of gene and genome duplications in evolution, and ancestral states for major clades of animals. Key features Integrative overviews from major animal groups including, arthropods, vertebrates, echinoderms, mollusks and other spiralians. Perspectives gleaned from the latest genome sequence and gene expression data. Individual chapters written by world-leading experts in Hox genes and evo-devo in each animal group. Related TitlesScholtz, G., ed. Evolutionary Developmental Biology of Crustacea (ISBN 978-9-0580-9637-1)Mattick, J. & P. Amaral. RNA, The Epicenter of Genetic Information (ISBN 978-0-3675-6778-1)Bard, J.Evolution: The Origins and Mechanisms of Diversity (ISBN 978-0-3673-5701-6)
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Multinational Corporate Evolution and Subsidiary Development
This book is one of the first to specifically address the subsidiary development process - a phenomenon by which multinational company subsidiaries enhance their resources and capabilities.It shows how this process is integral to multinational corporate evolution, which is largely driven by changes in subsidiaries and their development.It also illustrates how the recent trend towards greater international dispersal of value-adding activities has impacted on this process and on multinational evolution as a whole.
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What is cosmic evolution, chemical evolution, biological evolution, and cultural evolution?
Cosmic evolution refers to the development and changes in the universe over time, including the formation of galaxies, stars, and planets. Chemical evolution is the process by which elements and compounds have changed and evolved over time, leading to the formation of complex molecules and the conditions necessary for life. Biological evolution is the process by which living organisms have changed and diversified over time through genetic variation, natural selection, and other mechanisms. Cultural evolution refers to the development and changes in human societies, including the growth of technology, language, art, and social structures.
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What triggers evolution?
Evolution is triggered by a combination of factors, including genetic mutations, natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow. Genetic mutations create new variations in a population, which can then be acted upon by natural selection, where individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce. Genetic drift and gene flow also play a role in shaping the genetic makeup of a population over time. These factors collectively drive the process of evolution by leading to changes in the frequency of genetic traits within a population.
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Is evolution stingy?
Evolution is not inherently stingy, but rather it is driven by the process of natural selection, which favors traits that increase an organism's chances of survival and reproduction. This can sometimes result in the appearance of stinginess, as resources are allocated to the most advantageous traits. However, evolution also promotes cooperation and mutualism in many species, leading to the development of symbiotic relationships and social behaviors that benefit the group as a whole. Overall, evolution is a complex process that can result in both competitive and cooperative behaviors, depending on the specific ecological and environmental pressures at play.
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What about evolution?
Evolution is the process by which species of organisms change over time through the process of natural selection, genetic drift, and other mechanisms. It is a fundamental concept in biology and has been supported by a large body of evidence from fields such as genetics, paleontology, and comparative anatomy. Evolution explains the diversity of life on Earth and how species have adapted to their environments over millions of years. It is a well-established scientific theory that has withstood rigorous testing and continues to be a central principle in the study of biology.
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Hispanic Marketing : The Evolution of the Latino Consumer
Hispanic Marketing: The Evolution of the Latino Consumer focuses on using cultural insights to connect with Hispanic consumers.This fourth edition brings up to date the theories, concepts, and practices that help readers understand Hispanic consumers and marketing communication campaigns across Hispanic segments. Written by leaders in the field of Hispanic marketing, this book uses theories of culture, acculturation, and social identification, among others, to explain Hispanic consumer reactions to products and advertising.It explores cross-cultural values and issues associated with branding, language, and acculturation, and provides the consumer insights required to understand, plan for, and respond to differences between Hispanic and non-Hispanic markets and across segmentation.Each chapter includes real-life case studies and distills the key implications for marketers, to ensure students grasp the essential concepts.This fourth edition includes:the introduction of marketing theories that have developed through studies on new and current topics in Hispanic consumer behavior;new topics such as bilingualism, artificial intelligence, cause-related marketing, boycotting behavior, and influencer marketing;28 all-new case studies;updated figures and tables, including examples of advertisements and conceptual models; andinstructor material, including an instructor manual, slide pack, and a test bank. This is important reading for undergraduate and postgraduate students studying Hispanic marketing and consumer behaviour specifically, as well as those interested in cross-cultural consumer behaviour and multicultural marketing.Support materials for this book are available at www.routledge.com/9781032137742.
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The Evolution of Airport Design
This is the first book to comprehensively cover the evolution of airport design, from the start of commercial aviation in 1919 to the present day.Many books have been written about airport design at a particular moment in history, but none have rigorously considered why, where, when and how the ideas we now take for granted originated. This book traces the history of airport design considering the philosophies adopted by designers, the functional layouts they have developed and the resultant form of the airport through a series of 40 case studies divided into 7 eras of approximately 20 years each.The themes include:The philosophies underpinning airport designThe evolution of design responsesHow airports have avoided obsolescenceIdentification of the key turning pointsThe evolution of master plans and terminal concepts in response to increasing traffic volumesThe future of airports in terms of environmental sustainability and the Covid-19 hiatusThe case studies are international, covering the USA, Germany, the UK, France, the Netherlands, Singapore, Saudi Arabia, Japan, Hong Kong, Malaysia, South Korea, Thailand, Spain, United Arab Emirates, China, Turkey, Mexico, Australia and Poland.They are illustrated with full colour, many of which have not been published before and form part of an incredible graphic package.This book is essential reading for architects, engineers, planners and environmentalists alike.
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Beyond the Meme : Development and Structure in Cultural Evolution
Interdisciplinary perspectives on cultural evolution that reject meme theory in favor of a complex understanding of dynamic change over time How do cultures change?In recent decades, the concept of the meme, posited as a basic unit of culture analogous to the gene, has been central to debates about cultural transformation.Despite the appeal of meme theory, its simplification of complex interactions and other inadequacies as an explanatory framework raise more questions about cultural evolution than it answers.In Beyond the Meme, William C. Wimsatt and Alan C. Love assemble interdisciplinary perspectives on cultural evolution, providing a nuanced understanding of it as a process in which dynamic structures interact on different scales of size and time.By focusing on the full range of evolutionary processes across distinct contexts, from rice farming to scientific reasoning, this volume demonstrates how a thick understanding of change in culture emerges from multiple disciplinary vantage points, each of which is required to understand cultural evolution in all its complexity.The editors provide an extensive introductory essay to contextualize the volume, and Wimsatt contributes a separate chapter that systematically organizes the conceptual geography of cultural processes and phenomena. Any adequate account of the transmission, elaboration, and evolution of culture must, this volume argues, recognize the central roles that cognitive and social development play in cultural change and the complex interplay of technological, organizational, and institutional structures needed to enable and coordinate these processes. Contributors: Marshall Abrams, U of Alabama at Birmingham; Claes Andersson, Chalmers U of Technology; Mark A.Bedau, Reed College; James A. Evans, U of Chicago; Jacob G. Foster, U of California, Los Angeles; Michel Janssen, U of Minnesota; Sabina Leonelli, U of Exeter; Massimo Maiocchi, U of Chicago; Joseph D.Martin, U of Cambridge; Salikoko S. Mufwene, U of Chicago; Nancy J. Nersessian, Georgia Institute of Technology and Harvard U; Paul E.Smaldino, U of California, Merced; Anton Törnberg, U of Gothenburg; Petter Törnberg, U of Amsterdam; Gilbert B.Tostevin, U of Minnesota.
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The Nature of the Firm : Origins, Evolution, and Development
In 1937, Ronald H. Coase published The Nature of the Firm, a ground-breaking paper which raised fundamental questions about the concept of the firm in economic theory.In this volume, leading business economists commemorate Coase's classic article and consider its relevance to economic theory today.The book includes a reprint of The Nature of the Firm, together will three lectures by Coase from 1987, which provide an account of the origins and development of his thought.The new paperback includes the first publication of the lecture which Coase delivered on winning the Nobel Prize for Economics in 1991. Contributors: Ronald H. Coase, Sherwin Rosen, Paul Joskow, Oliver Hart, Harold Demsetz, Scott Masten, Benjamin Klein, Oliver Williamson, Sidney Winter
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Can evolution stop?
Evolution is a continuous process driven by genetic variation, natural selection, and environmental changes. While it is theoretically possible for evolution to slow down or even temporarily stop in a stable environment with little genetic variation, it is unlikely to completely halt. As long as there are factors such as mutations, genetic recombination, and environmental pressures, evolution will continue to shape and change species over time. Therefore, while it may slow down under certain conditions, it is unlikely for evolution to completely stop.
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Will evolution change?
Evolution is a continuous process driven by genetic variation, natural selection, and environmental changes. As long as these factors continue to operate, evolution will continue to occur. However, the specific direction and pace of evolution may change in response to new environmental pressures, genetic mutations, and other factors. Therefore, while the fundamental process of evolution is unlikely to change, the specific outcomes and patterns of evolution may vary over time.
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What is the difference between synthetic evolution and natural evolution?
Synthetic evolution involves the intentional manipulation of genetic material by humans in a controlled environment, such as in a laboratory setting, to produce desired traits or outcomes. In contrast, natural evolution occurs in nature through the process of natural selection, where organisms with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, leading to changes in the genetic makeup of a population over time. While synthetic evolution is directed and guided by human intervention, natural evolution is driven by environmental pressures and random genetic mutations.
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Are the laws of evolution also the laws of human social development?
While the principles of evolution, such as natural selection and adaptation, can provide insights into human social development, it is important to note that human societies are complex and influenced by a wide range of factors beyond biological evolution. Human social development is shaped by cultural, historical, economic, and political factors, which may not always align with the laws of evolution. Therefore, while there may be some overlap in the principles governing evolution and human social development, they are not entirely synonymous.
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